加息股市就會下跌?
網誌分類:股票經
網誌日期:2022-02-07
由於通脹高企,市場預期美國聯儲局將於今年三月份開始陸續加息,以遏止通脹的威脅。美國息口上升,十年期國債孳息率近日更突破1.9%!
投資者擔心息口上升,對股市將會造成下調的壓力。究竟加息是否意味股市必然會下跌?這個問題值得思考。
第一層思考:
一般來說,最直接的推論是利息上升,代表折現率(Discount Rate)上升。根據現金流折現法的模型(Discounted Cash Flow Model),折現率越大,資產未來的現金流折現到今天的現值便越小,因此資產價格理應下跌。
第二層思考:
以上的推論主要是建基於兩個假設,分別是(1)資產未來的現金流不會因為利息上升而改變;及(2)風險溢價(Risk Premium)不會因為利息上升而改變。
但這兩個假設在現實的世界中是否成立?先看看第(1)點,加息的背景往往是經濟向好,GDP增長強勁,需求持續增加,誘發通貨膨脹。在經濟良好的情況下,勢將推動企業盈利、現金流和股息增長,從而提高企業的價值。
從以下單階段股利折現模型(Single-Stage Dividend Discount Model)的公式中可以看到,企業的內在價值(P0)等於第一年的股息(D1),除以折現率(r)與股息增長率(g)之差:
P0 = D1÷(r - g)
假設其他因素(折現率)不變,當未來的現金流或股息增長率增加,企業的內在價值便會增加。
至於第(2)點,投資者須要留意無風險回報(Risk-Free Rate)(美國國債孳息率)只是折現率的一部分,其餘部分還包括風險溢價。在低息的環境下,後者所佔的比重較前者更大。
折現率 = 無風險回報 + 風險溢價
雖然加息會令無風險回報增加,但同時亦反映經濟環境向好,企業未來的盈利和現金流更為確定,投資於企業的風險減少,即等於風險溢價理應會減少,抵銷了加息令折現率增加的影響。
考慮到第一層思考中的兩個假設在現實的世界中未必成立,結論是:即使利息上升,資產價格也不一定會下跌。同樣道理,即使利息下跌,資產價格也不一定會上升。舉個例子,日本股市於90年代初泡沫爆破後便一直下跌,迷失了二十年,直至2009年才開始見底回升,即使日本央行已經將利息從90年代初的6%減至90年代末期接近零的水平。單靠減息顯然未能令日本股市起死回生。
總的來說,利息與股市的關係並非想像中簡單,假如投資者希望通過宏觀經濟分析去預測息口的變化,從而預測股市的方向,未必那麽容易。
https://bennychungwai.blogspot.com/2022/02/blog-post.html
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